Understanding the Process of Biodegradation

     The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines biodegradation as, “A process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.”

   Biodegradation is a process by which organic (carbon-based) material is changed through chemical processes from complex molecules into simpler molecules. An example of this is a banana peel being reduced from cellulose to water, carbon dioxide gas, and humus in a compost pile. Biodegradation is a waste management and recycling system that degrades everything from yard waste to crude oil. This process helps to keep our planet clean and healthy.

      Biodegradation can take place with oxygen (aerobically) or without oxygen (anaerobically). Aerobic respiration is a process in which microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi convert carbon into energy and produce CO2, water, and humus (biomass) as waste products. Aerobic respiration is a fast and efficient source of energy and an effective means to biodegrade waste matter. Anaerobic biodegradation, called anaerobic fermentation, is a complex process by which microorganisms convert carbon into energy and produce CO2, Methane, and humus as waste products.

      Composting is a good example of aerobic biodegradation, which is widely used to divert municipal wastes such as yard trimmings from landfills. Some cities have large industrial composters that are able to accept food wastes and well as some paper and plastic items.

        Anaerobic biodegradation is often used to treat municipal sewage, as it is extremely efficient at reducing known pathogens in human and animal waste. This process produces methane as a waste gas this is captured and utilized for energy production. For an in-depth look at biodegradation in landfill environments and to learn more about the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes please read the following article: Landfill Biodegradation